It is hoped that this article will serve to expose the truth.
IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER:
This article reflects my personal understanding. Seeking knowledge is a continual process and I will try to improve my understanding of the signs within Al Quran ('the reading') and out with it, unless The God wills otherwise. All information in this article is correct to the best of my knowledge only and thus should not be taken as a fact. One should seek knowledge and verify: 17:36, 20:114, 35:28, 49:6, 58:11. If The God willed, the outcome of this article will be beneficial.
An understanding of salat from Al Quran (The Reading)
With
the name/assistance of The God/Divine, The
Almighty/Originator, The
Merciful/Embracing (I begin)
Bismi
Allahi ar-rahmani
ar-raheemi
The root of "salat" are the Arabic letters:
Saad-Lam-Waw (slw). E.W. Lane's Arabic-English lexicon/dictionary gives the following possible meanings of the root:
prayer, supplication, petition, oration, eulogy, benediction, commendation, blessing, honour, magnify, bring forth, follow closely, walk/follow behind closely, to remain attached, to contact or to be in contact.
In a horse race
when the second horse follows the first one so closely that its head always
overlaps the first horse’s body that horse is called AL-MUSSALLI
(i.e. the one who
follows closely or remains
attached).*
Central portion of the back, portion from where the tail of an animal comes
out, the rump.
*the word 'musalleena' (plural) is used in al quran (the reading), please see 70:22, 74:43, 107:4.
But surely the best explanation should be taken from the Words of God, so what does Al Quran (The Reading) say about slw?
From 75:31-32
it can be seen that the basic meaning of salla* is to 'go/turn
towards', because it is contrasted/compared (i.e. put opposite to) 'went/turn
away'.
Furthermore, every single occurrence of the root slw is used in a positive manner,
thus if this information is taken along with the root meanings, we can expand
the basic meaning a little further to: to go/turn towards in a close/positive
manner.
*in this verse salat (noun) is in its verb (2nd form) as salla.
Chapter 75
31. For he did
not confirm (saddaqa*) nor go/turned
towards (salla).
32. But he denied (kaththaba) and went/turned
away (tawalla). **
*be careful
not to confuse saddaqa (confirm) with saddaqat (charity).
**it is also interesting to note that al quran's rhythmic style
is also utilised in the comparison.
One could substitute this term with similar words such as link/bond/connect, remain attached, continue contact, follow closely or commitment, i.e. a word which implies to go/turn towards.
slw = go/turn towards. This is the core meaning of a general concept.
Allow me an analogy to demonstrate its general meaning, if I say to you: "go/turn towards justice". You could achieve this in many ways. For example you could start with yourself, make sure you act just, you could become a lawyer, you could help raise funds to set up law courts, you could educate others on justice, give a truthful testimony in a court case, you could become a policeman etc. Note that there are many activities you can do to "go/turn towards justice". In other words, to "go/turn towards" something is a general term and can be applied very widely.
(I simply chose "justice" as an example of a concept/object you could go/turn towards, I could have said democracy, wealth, health etc.)
One may ask, well, what are we supposed to "go/turn towards"? It depends on context, however, the core meaning of "go/turn towards" is always implied.
Please apply this basic/core connotation/meaning/implication to any verse with the root of salat (i.e. slw = sawd-lam-waw) to see if it fits. These verses can be found in the following link:
www.studyquran.co.uk/PRLonline.htm (see root: Sawd-Lam-Waw)
musalla (مصلي) n. m. 2:125
salat (صلاة)
n. f. sing. - 2:3, 2:43, 2:45, 2:83, 2:110, 2:153, 2:177, 2:238, 2:277, 4:43,
4:77, 4:101, 4:102, 4:103, 4:103, 4:103, 4:142, 4:162, 5:6, 5:12, 5:55, 5:58,
5:91, 5:106, 6:72, 6:92, 6:162, 7:170, 8:3, 8:35, 9:5, 9:11, 9:18, 9:54, 9:71,
9:103, 10:87, 11:87, 11:114, 13:22, 14:31, 14:37, 14:40, 17:78, 17:110, 19:31,
19:55, 19:59, 20:14, 20:132, 21:73, 22:35, 22:41, 22:78, 23:2, 24:37, 24:41,
24:56, 24:58, 24:58, 27:3, 29:45, 29:45, 30:31, 31:4, 31:17, 33:33, 35:18,
35:29, 42:38, 58:13, 62:9, 62:10, 70:23, 70:34, 73:20, 98:5, 107:5
salawat (صلوات)
nom. gen. n. plu. - 2:157, 2:238, 9:99, 22:40, 23:9
salla (صلي)
vb.II m.
perf. act. 75:31, 87:15, 96:10
impf. act. 3:39, plu. neg. 4:102, plu. 4:102, tusalli (تصل)
neg. 9:84, yusallee (يصلي)
sing. 33:43, yusalloona (يصلون)
plu. 33:56
salli (صل)
impv. 9:103, salloo (صلوا)
plu. 33:56, 108:2
musalleena (مصلين)
pcple. act. plu. acc. gen. 70:22, 74:43, 107:4
Once you have done that. You should study the following list in which additional information about salat is presented, from al quran: Al Quran on salat
As you will hopefully see, the concept of slw (i.e. to turn/go towards) is very broad and can be applied to many things. That is why in al quran, we see it being applied in a general, specific and varied manner, e.g:
those who set-up partners can repent and uphold the salat if they trangressed in the system [9:5, 9:11-12]
Can salat mean 'prayer' in this verse? Does The God force people to perform 'prayer' or they will be killed? How would idolaters (i.e. those who set-up partners) pray? Does this make sense to you? Please see these verses in conjunction with 2:256. [additional information]
The salat can be neglected, in favour of following desires [19:59]
Interestingly, this verse implies following desires is different (or even in contrast) to maintaining/upholding the salat. Where do desires come from? Ourselves. How can we make sure we dont follow our own desires? What should we follow?
One's salat is to/for God [6:162]
salat is possible between people [33:56, 9:103]
That is why when Zachariah calls/prays (daAAwa) to his Lord, he is considered to be in the act of slw (turning/going towards, linking/bonding/connecting) when communication comes to him. [3:38-39, 19:2-11]
etc.
To gain a better understanding of The System/Obligation, it is clear a better understanding of al quran would be required. That is why a regular/timed salat is given. In this regular/timed salat, reading / reflection / oration of al quran is prescribed. This can be done alone or in a group/community setting.
Verses linking slw to al quran: 2:43-45, 4:103, 5:12-13, 7:169-170, 8:2-3, 19:58-59, 29:45, 31:2-7, 33:33-34, 17:78.
the salat should be done during/close to the morning & evening twilight times (i.e. 2x per day) [11:114, 17:78, 24:58]
When one undertakes this regular/timed salat, one should follow the specific guidelines given, e.g: be clean [5:6, 4:43] , clear mind [4:43], moderate tone [17:110] (although this may only apply when in groups due to the context of this verse) etc.
This regular/timed salat is only obligatory upon the mumin (believers/faithful/trustful). Mumin is different to muslim. This is a very important point to consider. Who are the mumin? To find out, see the articles below:
www.free-minds.org/articles/gods_system/mumin.htm
www.free-minds.org/articles/gods_system/thetrust.htm
This makes sense because it is only the mumin (believers/faithful/trustful) who are upholding the scripture. For them, to uphold/maintain the going/turning towards (i.e. link/bond) will be more specific and thus directly related to what the scripture contains, hence reading of it regularly.
If you read everything above (including the links) several times, the concept of salat should be much much clearer.
Lastly, I'd like to mention the concept of zakat. A word often used along
with salat. Its commonly taken to mean "charity" but charity
is only one aspect of zakat*. Its primary usage in al
quran is to mean purification/betterment. If this meaning is taken along
with what I've discussed here, it makes much more sense:
When one upholds/maintains (aqimu) the going/turning towards (link/bond) one is then in a position to 'bring forth / produce / show' (atawoo) the purification/betterment. Simple. The two terms reinforce and complement each other.
If anyone has any questions, feel free to ask. I'll try and answer them if I can.
email the author: 786kas (at) lineone . net
(at) = @
also delete the spaces in the address.
Peace be upon the reader.
NB: an important
issue that I have only begun to study is that all the "verses"/signs/ayatin
which refer to a time for slw are addressed to the messenger in the Arabic
singular (unlike other commands, such as "fasting"/abstinence/sawm),
thus may not be applicable to everyone. This for example, may solve the problem
of unworkable sun-based schedules in northern countries, e.g. Sweden/Norway
during some parts of the year. Also, for orbiting astronauts in space. Therefore,
it has been suggested that the timing systems described for slw are meant
to be taken as an example, not that they should be applicable to everyone everywhere.
Thus, instead of morning & evening, it would be at the start of the working
day and at the end (implied in 24:58), whatever that may be for each individual.
This aspect of this article will be updated as soon as I have researched it
thoroughly.
Please note that 2:185, abstinence is only upon those who are able to witness
the month. No such clause exists for salat.
*The traditional understanding of "zakat" is that it means "charity". Interestingly, however, even though the word appears over 30 times, not once is it equated/defined as charity, not even a reasonable implication to mean such a thing. The root (Zay-Kaf-Waw) can mean the following: it increased/augmented, it throve/grew well/flourished/prospered and produced fruit, it was/became pure, purification, goodness/righteousness, lead/enjoy a plentiful/easy/soft/delicate life, put into a good/right state/condition, alms, poor-rate/due.
End note: This independent study of slw took place over a period of 4 years. I did not expect to end up with this conclusion, however the evidence was overpowering and I was forced to reject my traditional understanding (based mainly on man-made books) and submit to al quran's teachings. Interestingly, other studies (which I was not aware of at the time) also came to similar conclusions. [see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7]
This article should be utilised in conjunction with the following articles: Intelligent Approach to Islam
If you are reading this and still feel that salat=prayer, and we should rely on traditional hadith (sayings/narrations/stories) to form the sequence/movements/form/recitations of the prayer, ask yourself: does the traditional hadith contain the necessary information to do this? You may be surprised at what you find: members.aol.com/Mamalek2/qbook11.htm
Other sources used
to add to or check this article:
Arabic-English Lexicon' by E.W. Lane
'Dictionary of The Holy Quran' by Abdul Mannan Omar
'Concordance of Quran' by Hanna E. Kassis
The above article
should be read in conjunction with the following article:
A critical examination of the traditional view of salat equals prayer
